Echinoderms (Echinodermata) from the Central Mexican Pacific

Introduction: The echinoderms from the Central Mexican Pacific are of high scientific interest and, prior to this present work, there was a lack of basic information that included incomplete checklists with inconsistencies in systematics and spatial distribution. Objective: To provide a historical review, and an updated checklist with a more complete richness of echinoderms for each state and island of the region. Methods: A checklist was elaborated based on an exhaustive literature search of the Echinodermata, and was complemented with taxonomical revisions of Ophiuroidea scientific collections. All the geographical coordinates of the records were validated. Results: The region harbors 187 species of Echinodermata: three Crinoidea, 35 Asteroidea, 67 Ophiuroidea, 32 Echinoidea, and 50 Holothuroidea. We detected 52 records in the literature that must be considered as invalid and five as doubtful. We provide 16 new records of Ophiuroidea from different states and islands; of them, four are new records for the region. Jalisco presented the highest number of species (84), followed by the coast of Nayarit (74), Michoacán (63), and Colima (55); among the islands, Revillagigedo showed the major number of species (85) followed by Marías (81), Marietas (48), and Isabel (44). Conclusions: The numbers of species known in the region are mostly related to both sampling effort and environmental characteristics that promote high biodiversity. The Central Mexican Pacific is an oceanographic region with mixed conditions from the North and South of the Mexican Pacific, and therefore, with a biogeographical importance reflected in its species richness.

Introducción: Los equinodermos del Pacífico Central mexicano poseen un alto interés científico, pero anterior al presente trabajo existía un vacío en la información básica como listados de especies incompletos con inconsistencias sistemáticas y de distribución espacial. Objetivo: Proporcionar una revisión histórica y un listado de especies actualizado con la riqueza completa de equinodermos para cada estado e islas de la región. Métodos: Se elaboró un listado de especies basado en una búsqueda exhaustiva de Echinodermata, y fue complementada con la revisión taxonómica de Ophiuroidea de colecciones científicas. Todas las coordenadas geográficas de los registros fueron validadas. Resultados: La región posee 187 especies de Echinodermata: tres Crinoidea, 35 Asteroidea, 67 Ophiuroidea, 32 Echinoidea, y 50 Holothuroidea. Detectamos 52 registros en la literatura considerados como inválidos y cinco como dudosos. Proveemos 16 nuevos registros de Ophiuroidea para diversos estados e islas; de estos, cuatro son nuevos registros para la región. Jalisco presentó el mayor número de especies (84), seguido por las costas de Nayarit (74), Michoacán (63), y Colima (55); entre las islas, Revillagigedo presentó el mayor número de especies (85) seguido por Marías (81), Marietas (48), e Isabel (44). Conclusiones: Los números de especies de la región están mayormente relacionados tanto con el esfuerzo de muestreo como con características ambientales que promueven una alta biodiversidad. El Pacífico Central mexicano es una región oceanográfica con condiciones mixtas del norte y sur del Pacífico mexicano, y por lo tanto con una importancia biogeográfica reflejada en la riqueza de la región.

Once upon a time, inflammation

Inflammation has accompanied humans since their first ancestors appeared on Earth. Aulus Cornelius Celsus (25 BC-50 AD), a Roman encyclopedist, offered a still valid statement about inflammation: "Notae vero inflammationis sunt quatuor: rubor et tumor cum calore and dolore", defining the four cardinal signs of inflammation as redness and swelling with heat and pain. While inflammation has long been considered as a morbid phenomenon, John Hunter (18th century) and Elie Metchnikoff (19th century) understood that it was a natural and beneficial event that aims to address a sterile or an infectious insult. Many other famous scientists and some forgotten ones have identified the different cellular and molecular players, and deciphered the different mechanisms of inflammation. This review pays tribute to some of the giants who made major contributions, from Hippocrates to the late 19th and first half of the 20th century. We particularly address the discoveries related to phagocytes, diapedesis, chemotactism, and fever. We also mention the findings of the various inflammatory mediators and the different approaches designed to treat inflammatory disorders.(AU)

Historical Review and Reflection of American Drug Right to Try Law / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE： To provide a reference for the use and management of unregistered drugs in China. METHODS： A historical review and evaluation was conducted for the legislative process of drug trial rights in the United States， and the differences and links between the drug trial rights and the previous extended sympathetic drug system were compared. RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS： At present， 41 states in the United States have completed the drug right to try law legislation. In 2018， the US Congress passed the federal legislation on drug right to try law. The right to drug right to try law has evolved from the development of sympathetic drugs， both of which are dedicated to establishing a new path beyond clinical trials to facilitate end-stage patients access to research drugs， so both have obvious similarity. However， the drug right to try law is committed to requiring medical decisions to be returned to patients and doctors， and to the exclusion of the US Food and Drug Administration. In the case of extended sympathetic drug system， the US Food and Drug Administration is committed to “balancing the maximum benefit with the minimum damage”. The two are significantly different in terms of supervision， patient criteria， duration， responsibility distribution， and informed consent. The implementation of the right to drug right to try law has brought hope to patients in the end stage， but it has not given them more opportunities for survival； and it is especially important to correctly guide the masses to make choices rationally.

Historical Review About 60 Years' Clinical Practice of Acupuncture Anesthesia / 针刺研究

Acupuncture anesthesia (AA) is an anesthetic method created by medical workers and researchers in China during medical practice in 1950s. As a paragon of integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine, AA clinical practice and basic theoretic research have gained continuous improvement and progress, and obtained a series of outstanding achievements in the past 60 years. Consequently, the theory of traditional Chinese medicine was enriched, and the acupuncture therapy was pushed forward to the world. The present paper reviews the course of formation and development of clinical application of AA from the late years of 1950s up to now, including the initial stage (1958-1966), rapid propulsion stage (1967-1979), consolidation period (1980-2004) and newly developing period (2005-now). The AA has experienced flexural pathway from simple acupuncture analgesia, to acupuncture-drug compound anesthesia (or acupuncture-assisted anesthesia), and to the application of whole perioperative period. Nowadays, it keeps unceasing development and innovation from simple analgesia and sedation to organ protection during perioperative period and reduction of post-operative complications. The AA possesses unique prosperous vitality, and also has a plenty room for improvement, being worthy of further popularization and research.

Classification of medical image registration and its application in radiotherapy / 中华放射肿瘤学杂志

Collision neoplasm is a rare clinical disease which characterized by the existence of two distinct neoplasms emerging in the same anatomic location,It almost occured in any part of the body. Case reports of collision neoplasm is relatively few.There is no domestic relevant summary.The author read the reports in recent five years in the pubmed database,WANFANG data and CNKI to point out the location,common pathological types of collision tumor,pathogenesis and so on. Aim to help us better understand collision tumor.

O estudo do comportamento verbal no Brasil / The study of verbal behavior in Brazil

O presente trabalho realizou uma revisão histórica de dissertações de mestrado e teses de doutorado brasileiras sobre comportamento verbal, com base na proposta Skinneriana (1957/1992), produzidas entre 1968 e 2012. Foram investigados: a) tipo de trabalho (dissertação ou tese), b) universidades em que os trabalhos foram defendidos, c) orientadores, d) linha de pesquisa (básica, aplicada ou histórico-conceitual), e) metodologia (descritiva ou experimental), e f) temas de investigação. No total, 177 dissertações e 53 teses sobre comportamento verbal foram identificadas. Os resultados indicam que o estudo do comportamento verbal, no Brasil, estabeleceu-se como programa de pesquisa e cresceu ao longo dos anos...

In the present study a historical review was realized of Brazilian master thesis and doctoral dissertations about verbal behavior, which were based on Skinner' proposals (1957/1992) and carried out from 1968 to 2012. The following aspects were analyzed: a) type of work (thesis or dissertation, b) affiliation of the authors, c) advisor, d) line of research (basic, applied, conceptual or historical), e) methodology (descriptive or experimental), and f) research topics. In total, 177 thesis and 53 dissertations related to verbal behavior were identified. The results indicate that the study of verbal behavior in Brazil has been established as a research program and has grown over the years...

Infection patterns of trematode parasites among Joseon people

While paleoparasitologists in Korea reported scientific evidences for the infection patterns of various parasite species among the pre-modern Joseon people, historical study is also needed for understanding the socio-cultural aspects of parasitic infections of the past. In this study on the historical documents, we revealed the socio-cultural environment of Joseon society by which people were easily infected by trematode parasites. The historical records showed that Joseon people enjoyed raw fish cuisines, that might have caused Clonorchis sinensis and Metagonimus yokogawai infection, much more frequently than originally expected. It is also proven that Joseon people ate raw crab and crayfish, the intermediate host of Paragonimus westermani, as the seasonal delicacy or miracle cure drug for incurable diseases. We also found many Joseon records on raw-oyster dishes, possibly having caused Gymnophalloides seoi infection among the people. By this study, we could get the historical clues on how Joseon people could have been infected by various trematode parasites.

Historical Study on Factors Inducing Soil-Transmitted Helminth Infection among People of Old Seoul City during Joseon Dynasty / 의사학

In a series of paleo-parasitological investigations, we have been able to obtain invaluable data on parasite infection patterns prevalent among the Joseon (1392-1910) people in Korea. Thus far we have established that the Joseon people were in fact heavily infected by various species of parasites, though precise patterns and exact statuses of infection in specific town and cities have proved elusive. In the present study, relevant historical documentation was obtained and examined, shedding light on some of the operative socio-cultural factors that might have played a role in inducing a high infection prevalence of Ascaris, a soil-transmitted roundworm, in Joseon society. On this evidentiary basis, we could confirm that the recycling of human feces as fertilizer and the habit of eating raw vegetables were both closely related to infection. These factors were sufficient to maintain the life cycle of Ascaris, there by perpetuating a cycle of infection and reinfection among the Joseon inhabitants. Overall, this study demonstrated the value of close medical-scientist / historian interdisciplinary collaboration infacilitating comprehensive and meaningful paleo-parasitological findings and interpretations.

Clima organizacional: uma revisão histórica do construto / Organizational climate: a historical review of the construct / Clima organizacional: una revisión histórica del constructo

Clima organizacional pode ser caracterizado como um conjunto de percepções compartilhadas por trabalhadores sobre diferentes aspectos do ambiente organizacional, sendo um dos construtos mais investigados no campo do comportamento organizacional. Este trabalho objetivou sistematizar parte dos conhecimentos produzidos sobre clima organizacional ao longo dos anos, ao estabelecer um ordenamento histórico das pesquisas sobre o tema em três momentos: de 1930 a 1960, estudo da taxonomia, contexto e estrutura do construto; de 1970 a 1980, diferenciação entre os conceitos de clima e cultura organizacionais; e de 1990 à atualidade, estudos empíricos para testar a validade discriminante do clima organizacional em relação a outros construtos e desenvolvimento de novos métodos de análise. Ressaltase a premência pelo desenvolvimento de novos modelos teóricos que integrem o conjunto de descritores dos modelos já existentes e uma maior aplicação de técnicas psicométricas para validação desses modelos.

Organizational climate can be characterized as a set of perceptions, shared by workers, of different aspects that make up the organizational environment, being one of the most investigated constructs in the field of Organizational Behavior. This paper aims to organize part of the knowledge produced concerning organizational climate along years, establishing a historical order of research in three stages: from 1930 to 1960, studies of construct taxonomy, context and structure; from 1970 to 1980, distinction between the concepts of organizational climate and culture; and from 1990 on, empirical studies to assess the discriminant validity of organizational climate in relation to other constructs, and development of new analysis methods. The paper emphasizes the urgency of designing new theoretical models to integrate the set of descriptors of existing ones, as well as a wider use of psychometric techniques for the empirical validation of those models.

Clima organizacional puede ser caracterizado como un conjunto de percepciones compartidas por los trabajadores sobre diferentes aspectos del medio ambiente de la organización, siendo uno de los constructos más investigados en el ámbito del Comportamiento Organizacional. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo sistematizar el conocimiento producido sobre clima organizacional en los últimos años al establecer un orden histórico de la investigación sobre el tema en tres momentos: de 1930 a 1960, el estudio de la taxonomía, la estructura y el contexto del constructo, desde 1970 hasta 1980, la diferencia entre los conceptos de clima organizacional y cultura, y de 1990 a la actualidad, los estudios empíricos para poner a prueba la validez discriminante del clima organizacional en relación con otros constructos y el desarrollo de nuevos métodos de análisis. Se pone de relieve la urgente necesidad para el desarrollo de nuevos modelos teóricos que integran el conjunto de descriptores de los modelos existentes y una mayor aplicación de pruebas psicométricas para validar estos modelos.

Bases sociológicas, antropológicas e psicológicas do comprometimento organizacional / Bases Sociológicas, antropológicas y psicológicas del compromiso organizacional / Sociological, anthropological and psychological bases for organizational commitment

O comprometimento organizacional é um construto complexo e polissêmico, não existindo ainda um consenso sobre a definição que mais bem o caracterize. Muitas vezes confundido com outros construtos, como satisfação, identificação e envolvimento, são raros os estudos que buscam investigar as influências sociológicas, antropológicas e psicológicas do comprometimento organizacional. Sendo assim, o presente trabalho teve por escopo apresentar algumas teorias de trocas sociais (exchange theory), compartilhamento de símbolos e relacionamento entre processos cognitivos e sociais, que podem propiciar um melhor entendimento dos vínculos que um indivíduo estabelece com sua organização. O estudo aprofundado de teorias sociais que precedem a concepção do comprometimento como um objeto de estudo do campo do comportamento organizacional é essencial para favorecer a clareza conceitual do fenômeno e indispensável para futuros estudos de validade discriminante frente a outros tipos de vínculo social.

Organizational commitment is a complex and polysemic construct, and there is no consensus about which definition best describes it. As it is often mistaken for other constructs such as job satisfaction, identification and involvement, few studies have investigated the sociological, anthropological and psychological influences of organizational commitment. Thus, the aim of this paper is to present some social exchange theories, as well as symbol sharing and the relationship between cognitive and social processes, which can provide a better understanding of the individual-organization bonds. A detailed study of some social theories that precede the conception of commitment as an object of study in the field of organizational behavior is substantial to the conceptual clarity of the phenomenon, and indispensable for future studies in discriminant validity as compared to other types of social bonds.

El compromiso organizacional es un constructo complejo y polisémico, y no hay todavía un consenso sobre la definición que mejor lo describe. A menudo se confunde con otros elementos como la satisfacción, la identificación y participación, son pocos los estudios que analizan las influencias sociológicas, antropológicas y psicológicas del compromiso organizacional. Por lo tanto, el alcance de este trabajo fue presentar algunas teorías de intercambio social, el compartir de símbolos y relaciones entre procesos cognitivos y sociales, que pueden proporcionar una mejor comprensión de los vínculos que una persona establece con su organización. El estudio detallado de las teorías sociales que preceden a la concepción de compromiso como un objeto de estudio del campo de comportamiento organizacional es esencial para promover la claridad conceptual del fenómeno e indispensable para los futuros estudios de validez discriminante en comparación con otros tipos de vínculos sociales.

Wilson's Disease: a case report and a historical review / Doença de Wilson: relato de caso e revisão histórica

The purpose of this report is to present a short review of the history of Wilson’s disease and to describe the first diagnosed case at the Neurologic Clinic of Hospital das Clínicas of São Paulo University Medical School. The topics of the historical review are the first contributions of authors along the second half of the XIX century, the seminal monograph of Samuel Alexander Kinnier Wilson (1912), the landmarks in the investigation of mechanisms of the disease and the introduction of the first effective treatment by John Walshe (1956). The first case studied in our Clinic, in 1946, was a 20 year-old male whose main neurological manifestations were postural tremor (“wing beat”) and dysarthria and could be characterized as Westphal-Strümpell form of the disease. Along the discussion of this case difficulties to establish the diagnosis and to treat the patient at that time are highlighted. We conclude with a brief history of the development of researches on Wilson’s disease in our Clinic, with an honor to the pioneer contributions of Horácio Martins Canelas.

Neste artigo inicialmente é feito um retrospecto dos principais marcos na história dos conhecimentos sobre a doença de Wilson, desde as primeiras descrições de casos no século XIX, passando pela magnífica monografia de Samuel Alexander Kinnier Wilson, m 1912, pelas descobertas sobre a causa da doença e chegando à era do tratamento efetivo da moléstia inaugurada por Walshe em 1956. A seguir, relata-se o primeiro caso de doença de Wilson estudado na Clínica Neurológica do HC-FMUSP. O paciente admitido na Clínica Neurológica em 1946, aos 20 anos de idade, apresentava a variante da doença em que predominavam tremor postural e disartria, conhecida como forma de Westphal-Strümpell. Na discussão, são ressaltadas as dificuldades da época para a confirmação do diagnóstico e para o tratamento; além de se realizar um breve histórico do estudo da doença na Clínica Neurológica, com o devido realce para a figura de Horácio Martins Canelas, pela sua participação pioneira nas pesquisas sobre a doença de Wilson em nosso meio.

De onde viemos? Uma revisão histórico-conceitual da psicoterapia de casal / Where do we come from? A conceptual and historical review of couple psychotherapy

O objetivo deste trabalho é rever as principais tendências e mudanças, metodológicas e conceituais, da psicoterapia de casal, indicando a origem das abordagens e as mudanças na compreensão do objeto, métodos e modelos psicoterapêuticos. O foco metodológico foi construído a partir das revisões publicadas sobre a psicoterapia de casal, indexadas ao "PsycLit" e acessadas por meio do sítio da CAPES em agosto de 2006. Diferentes abordagens metodológicas e teóricas da psicoterapia de casal são descritas e vinculadas a diferentes períodos históricos. São apontadas contribuições recentes a partir de perspectivas feministas, transculturais e pós-modernas. Tentativas de articulações entre abordagens são também indicadas.

The purpose of the present paper is to review the main methodological and conceptual trends and changes of couple psychotherapy, indicating the approaches origin and changes in the understanding of the object, methodology, and psychotherapeutic models. The methodological focus was based on published couple psychotherapy review papers, presented in the PsycLit, and accessed trough CAPES home page in August, 2006. Diverse couple psychotherapy methodological and theoretical approaches are described and connected to several historical periods. Recent questions and contributions related to feminist, transcultural and post-modern perspectives are pointed out. Articulations among approaches are also indicated.

Informática en la salud pública cubana / Informatics on the Cuban public health

Se realiza un recuento histórico de los hitos en el desarrollo de la informática en el sector de la salud de Cuba con la intención de contribuir a la cultura general de los trabajadores de la salud y en particular, de los que se adentran en el estudio de esta disciplina. Es importante destacar que desde los primeros años del triunfo de la revolución cubana, fue una estrategia política e interés del gobierno revolucionario y el MINSAP, el estudio y procesamiento de los hechos vitales y sanitarios, inicialmente de forma manual y después con equipos mecanizados IBM; en años posteriores se introdujeron las CID, primeras mini computadoras cubanas y se construyó el primer centro de cálculo en salud pública en el Instituto de Oncología y Radiobiología. En 1992 se dispone ya de la Red Telemática de la Salud, INFOMED, dentro de la estructura del Centro Nacional de Información de Ciencias Médicas, que permitió enlazar a todo el sistema de salud para dar una respuesta más eficiente en la esfera de la información científica. Actualmente se trabaja integradamente, estrechando alianzas extrasectoriales, en el desarrollo de un grupo de aplicaciones básicas de desarrollo tecnológico, y es precisamente esta integración la que permite hablar de informatización en el sector de la salud pública cubana. Se trabaja en proyectos basados en nuevas tecnologías de Internet, software libre y otras que garantizan una explotación integrada y compatible y que serán introducidas utilizando como infraestructura la Red Telemática de la Salud.

A historical review of the most important events in the development of informatics in the healthcare sector was made with a view to contributing to the general culture of the workers in this sector, and particularly of those involved in the study of this discipline. It is interesting to underline that since the first years of the Cuban revolution, the study and processing of the vital health events was a political strategy of interest for the revolutionary government and the Ministry of Public Health as well. At the very beginning, the data processing was manually made and later IBM equipment-assisted. Some years afterwards, the first Cuban minicomputers (CID) were introduced and the first computer center for public healthcare was built in the Oncology and Radiobiology Institute. In 1992, Telematics Network of Health of Cuba (INFOMED)was in operation within the structure of the National Center of Medical Information, which made it possible to link the whole health system to give a more efficient response in the field of scientific information. At present, there is a comprehensive work on a group of basic applications of technological development including close cooperation with other sectors, and it is just this integration that allows us to speak about informatization of the Cuban healthcare sector. Projects based on new Internet technologies, free software and other options that assure integrated compatible operation are being worked on. They will be implemented using the Telematics Network of Health of Cuba.

Experience with 10 Seminars and Workshops for Medical Education / 医学教育

We have organized the Seminar and Workshop for Medical Education (SWME) 10 times from 2000 through 2003. More than 1, 200 persons have participated, including teachers, physicians, students, and simulated patients. The themes of the SWME have included a problem-based learning tutorial system, medical interview skills, objective structured clinical examinations, medical ethics, advanced cardiac life support/basic life support, evidence-based medicine, coaching technology, medical English education, and crisis management education. Invited lecturers from throughout the country organized most of these workshops. Advantages of the SWME are two-fold:(1) improving the medical teaching skills of each participant and (2) scouting for good young lecturers. Workshop reports are published in our annual monographs and other materials. The present paper is a historical review of the SWME and also describes the nationwide scope of faculty development.